In business, the “Willie Sutton Rule” is a
metaphor used to demonstrate that you can best manage your finances by focusing
first on your highest-cost activities. The rule is (probably falsely)
attributed to the legendary bank robber, who when asked why he went into his
line of work, reportedly said, “Because that’s where the money is!” For the
state of Michigan’s finances, application of Willie Sutton’s Rule yields one
obvious course of action: First focus on public school employee compensation,
because that is where the money is.
When comparing
Michigan’s cost for this service against what other comparably wealthy states
pay, Michigan’s annual price tag looks to be $1 billion too high. This is no
small chunk of change for a budget that is estimated to be $1.8 billion out of
balance. It is the place to start cutting, given the size of K-12 education
relative to the rest of state spending.
State government
took $25.2 billion from Michigan taxpayers in fiscal 2009-10 to spend on each
of its various programs. Nearly $10.8 billion of that went to K-12 schools, the
single largest expenditure of state government. State spending on public
schools costs more than a billion dollars on top of the total spending for the
next four largest state expenditures combined! (These figures include state tax
dollars only and exclude federal funding for state programs.)
About
three-quarters of the total spent on K-12 schools was for salaries and benefits
paid to public school employees.
Nothing paid for
by state government — and no group of employees paid for by state government —
requires more money than the people who work at your local schools. Regardless
of whether or not they are paid fairly already — a point that will be examined
in a moment — the Willie Sutton Rule dictates that you look there first when
trying to balance the state budget.
Michigan’s
teachers have historically been amongst the highest paid teachers in the United
States. The most recent data from the U.S. Department of Education ranks us as
the 10th highest spending state (excluding the District of Columbia). The
2008-09 school year average salary of $57,327 for Michigan teachers was 6.3
percent above the national average.
But in one
significant measure of ability to pay those salaries, Michigan is ranked near
the bottom. Gross domestic product per capita is the dollar amount of goods and
services produced per person. In November, the U.S. Department of Commerce
released a report showing GDP per capita for the 50 states, and Michigan ranked
41st — 10 spots from the basement. These two data points reveal that one of the
nation’s poorest states is paying some of the country’s very highest teacher
salaries.
This is not a
typical result for states that are most similar to Michigan in the GDP per
capita rankings. In fact, it is $1 billion out of place. Michigan pays its
teachers significantly more than the five states above it and the five states
below it in the GDP rankings:
GDP per Capita Rank
The average
annual teacher salary for those 10 other states is $46,744, a difference of $10,584
per teacher less than what Michigan pays. There are approximately 96,000 public
school teachers in Michigan. If each were being paid at the average of those
other states, the savings to Michigan government’s state budget would exceed $1
billion per year.
But it is
important to ask if this cost cutting would be “penny wise and pound foolish.”
Even though Michigan taxpayers appear to be paying much more than they can
afford for public school teachers, are they at least getting significantly
better results?
One often used
measure of student performance indicates that the answer is clearly “no.”
Fourth grade
reading scores on the National Assessment of Education Progress exam is the
metric commonly used to compare the K-12 academic quality between states because
it’s often considered a crucial point of academic progression for students.
Federal government analysts control between states with different
socio-economic characteristics by comparing only students who qualify for free
or reduced priced lunches. This is basically a comparison of equally
impoverished kids, regardless of the state where they go to school.
Michigan did not
meet the national average for this measurement on the 2009 NAEP exam, even
though six of the ten states noted previously did. Seven of the ten scored
better than Michigan and one (Alabama) was tied with Michigan:
NAEP 4th grade reading scores for students on federal free lunch program
So how might
lawmakers apply the Willie Sutton Rule to these facts?
The $1 billion
figure is not the end of the story. Teacher salaries may be too high compared
to other states, and may constitute the largest portion of school employee
costs, but that’s far from the only option.
First, there is
the noninstruc-tional staff at public schools: the people who keep buses
running, schools cleaned and kids fed. These tasks are often done “in-house”
with the district’s unionized employees, but they can also be done by private
contractors who often provide the same outcomes for significantly less cost. In
one recently reported example, the Novi Community Schools signed a contract
with a private custodial company for anticipated annual savings of $3.5 million
over a two and a half year period. And the Southfield Public Schools signed a
contract estimated to save $14 million to $21 million over a three-year period
because it privatized the district’s food, custodial and busing services.
Despite
cost-saving opportunities such as these, teacher unions often apply significant
pressure on school boards to block these deals from going through, up to and
including targeting school board members for defeat at the ballot box. While
contracting out for these three services has grown steadily over the last
decade, it has still not happened in more than half of the state’s 551
districts. More widespread application could yield at least $100 million in annual
savings across Michigan — and perhaps much more than that.
Another option that must be looked at: The total of
all benefit packages paid to government employees in Michigan is estimated to
be $5.7 billion per year more generous than the benefits given to
private-sector workers who pay the taxes that pay for those public employee
benefits. Public school employees account for $2.5 billion of this total.
And leaving
aside private-sector comparisons, Michigan is also out of step with what the
public sector receives in other states. According to the most recent data from
the National Center for Education Statistics, Michigan school districts spend
more on teacher benefits than most other states. The average school district in
America spends 22 percent of its instructional dollars on employee benefits,
but in Michigan the figure is 28 percent.
And finally, we
must return to the matter of reducing the average teacher salaries so that they
align with what is paid by states with comparable GDP rankings. Because
salaries can widely vary between districts, a more rational approach may be to
reduce each district by a set percentage rather than mandate a specific dollar
cut to every district’s average pay.
If cutting
teacher salaries still seems a step too far, then consider the case of
South Dakota.
With an average
annual salary at $38,017 according to the most recent rankings, South Dakota
ranks dead last in teacher pay — 40 spots lower than Michigan. But South
Dakota’s ability to pay far outstrips Michigan: Its GDP per capita is 4.1
percent higher than the national average, ranking it 18th highest.
What results does
South Dakota get for its money?
South Dakota
fourth graders eligible for subsidized meals posted a reading score of 209 on
their recent NAEP exams. This is above the national average and higher than
Michigan’s.
If Michigan paid
the South Dakota average wage rate for its teachers, the savings in the K-12
budget would exceed $1.8 billion per year.
Three years ago,
Michigan’s personal income and business taxes were raised a combined
$1.4 billion as a method of balancing the state budget and supposedly
fixing what was ailing state government. Today, those tax rates are still in
force, and yet the state is in a new hole — this one is $1.8 billion deep. You
can’t find the money to fix that if you apply Willie Sutton’s Rule to the
state’s beleaguered private-sector businesses and taxpayers again. They are
tapped out.
The savings are
in the schools.
The original version of this story was posted
online on Jan. 26, 2011.
